A Probation And Parole Criminology Essay

A Probation And Parole Criminology EssayThe melodic theme of the corrections arranging has been around for a piece of music. Within this organisation there lies several different types of programs that do not require an offender to be set(p) in a prison or pokey. These programs to allow the offender to remain out in the community, while being closely monitored.The earliest and closely common programs are probation and parole. These two programs allow most offenders to be in their normal eitherday setting, unless otherwise stated by the judge or probation or parole officer. Usually this is the sentence given to offenders who cede a non-violent curse and are less likely to run away. These are the offenders who are seen to be harmful to society. Probation and parole are two of the easiest ways to garter with problems within the jail such as overcrowding.Background/HistoryProbation and parole are two of the oldest programs within the corrections system that takes care of non- violent offenders. Before the development of these programs, the offenders would be placed into the resembling facilities as all the other offenders. This wasnt fair to the offenders, nor was it careful to the staff there. The actual prevailency of probation and parole was not to place these people into prisons or jails, plainly to rehabilitate them while in the care of their community.ProbationJohn Augustus was the father of probation, although there were similar practices around 437 BC. Augustus was your average, e trulyday man. However, his goal with probation was behavioral reform. He believed that if the system allowed the offender to stay within the community, they would get sort of a second chance. Then, by providing support and guidance from probation officers, the officers may in fact be fit to crap the goal of assisting the offender in becoming a law-abiding individual.The word probation actually is a form of the Latin word probatio which mean to test or prove. The individuals who receive probation are called probationers. They are people who control been stinged of a crime and are given this sentence instead of going to jail. Probation officers are the people who monitor them. They are usually court-appointed and essential make sure that their probationer follows the rules handed down to them by the court.ParoleParole was first used in Australia and Ireland. It was seen as an award for inmates who were on their best behavior. Parole is a privilege given to an individual when are eligible to parole. This happens subsequently the prisoner receives a minimum or maximum sentence then they become eligible with the decision of the parole dialog box, which decides whether or not to put them on parole after(prenominal)ward a amity hearing. Just like probation, this is a program that focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders and getting them back into the community and on the right track.Parole was first introduced in the united States by B rockway Zebulon in 1876 as a way to reduce jail overcrowding. Zebulon to a fault saw this as way to rehabilitate offenders by encouraging them to promenade good behavior while incarcerated. This allows offenders to be let back into their community after serving a portion of their jail date and live, but low supervision from a Parole Officer. The parole period is based on a decision made by the board of parole. If the offender violates their parole while out, they are then placed back into the prison system. Both Alexander Maconochie and Walter Crofton toured important roles in the development of the parole program.Literature ReviewProbation recount of probation goes all the way back to the Middle Ages (Ditton and Ford 1994). During that time, the court systems practiced suspended sentences. The first courts in America allowed these suspended sentences, but not every court used this (Young 1976). All of this occurred before John Augustus idea of probation came roughly (Ditton an d Ford 1994).John Augustus was a local businessman who asked judges to allow him to profits the fines for offenders who had been convicted of minor or non-violent crimes and then allow him to supervise them (Ditton and Ford 1994). After bailing these individuals out, he helped them maintain jobs and monitored their changes (Young 1976). When it was time for the offender to return to court, Augustus went along and provided the judge with a report on how the offender was progressing. (Ditton and Ford 1994 Young 1976)In 1978, thanks to the success of John Augustus, the first probation law was passed in Massachusetts (Ditton and Ford 1994). However, it wasnt until after Chicago established the first juvenile court that probation became a popular and useful sentencing method (Young 1976). In 1925, the National Probation Act was passed, which ultimately created a probation system for the federal government (Ditton and Ford 1994 Young 1976). By 1956, every state had some form of probatio n as a sentencing method (Ditton and Ford 1994 Young 1976). on that point are two main goals established by the probation program. The first is to protect society from additional crime by the offender (Ditton and Ford 1994). The achievement of this goal usually comes with the report of a presentence investigation that is make to determine whether or not the offender is a risk to society (Ditton and Ford 1994). If the study that comes from this report confirm that the offender is in fact not a risk to society then they are sentenced to probation. If the information confirms that the offender is a perilous offender and may be harmful to their community, then they are usually sentenced to more harsh repercussions (Ditton and Ford 1994).The second goal is to help the offenders (Ditton and Ford 1994). This is done through supervision and management (Ditton and Ford 1994). Probation officers are there to basically watch over the probationers and make sure that they stay away from soc ial functions that could cause them to reoffend. They also monitor their actions and help keep them from violation rules that have been set as a result of their probation. As far as managing goes, the probation officer is there to need the offender in the way that they need to go in modulate not to offend again (Ditton and Ford 1994 Young 1976). They are there to help and ultimately provide the offender with the resources that they need. This actually includes helping them to find employment which is a requirement when on probation.If a probationer violate their probation orders they will have their probation revoked. Their violations fall under one of two types. The first is technical, which is usually defined by minor violations (Ditton and Ford 1994). The second is a re-arrest or new abomination (Ditton and Ford 1994). This is serious violation of probation rules. Another offense committed by the offender shows that the individual is not likely to adhere to the probation rules and not prepared to cooperate. These individuals tend to have their probation revoked and end up back in the jail or prison facilities (Ditton and Ford 1994).Over the years, the number of probationers has fluctuated. From 1995 to 2004, the number of individuals on probation rose from 3,077,861 to 4,151,125. This is about a 0.2% change in 2004, the smallest annual growth rate since 1979. In twenty-one states, the adult probation people decreased with Washington State being the besides one who saw a double digit decrease. Kentucky, Mississippi, New Mexico, and New Jersey were among the four states who saw an increase of more than 10% in probation population. Since 1990, probationers have accounted for about half the growth of the entire prison population. (Glaze and Palla 2005 Burrell 2005)As with allthing, there are problems that occur with probation (Paparozzi and DeMichele 2008). When placed on probation, offenders are expected to follow the guidelines provided to them through the courts (Ditton and Ford 1994). However, we find that they dont always follow the rules and sometimes never get caught or charged. In 2004, in a certain area of Florida, 199,215 individuals were supposed to be on probation in particular month. About one of five offenders had disappeared out of those left, close to one of four had an active violation report. Nothing was done because a judge stated that it would be spartan to do something with each person that had violated their parole.Another problem with probation is that the officers experience heavy parapraxisloads (Paparozzi and DeMichele 2008). They a good deal have to device overtime in order to keep up. Its hard for the officers to manage all their cases and be sure to keep up with supervising the offenders (Paparozzi and DeMichele 2008). This also tends to be an production when it comes to parole officers.ParoleThe parole system goes back to the 1800s when Sir Walter Crofton introduced tickets of leave (Schuessler 195 4). He used these to give to prisoners who experienced good behavior in exchange for an earliest release from prison. Crofton also introduced the idea of intermediate prisons (Schuessler 1954). Inmates could live and work in a supervised manner while carrying out their prison sentence (Schuessler 1954).As for the United States, Brockway Zebulon introduced the idea of the first parole system (Schuessler 1954). Zebulon used the help of volunteer community members to monitor the behavior of the inmates who were released. He wasnt focused on the help of police officers, as he believed they had enough on their plate. As time went on, he used the help of volunteer members who were concerned with the well-being of the individual. By the 1900s this idea had spread and become popular in every state except Virginia, Mississippi, and Florida. (Schuessler 1954 Dressler 1951 Abadinsky 1982)The parole board was established in 1902 (Schuessler 1954). This took the parolees out from under the cont rol of the officers in prisons and allowed the parole board to define the rules and regulations for them (Abadinsky 1982). The board was made of three members the deputy warden would sit in as the chair person (Abadinsky 1982). prisoners would come before the board as their behavior was analyzed and the board would determine whether the convict deserved a parole (Schuessler 1954).The parole board established to manage paroles based on the convicts behavior (Virginia General Assembly 1992). However they also had to observe the convicts criminal history, prior supervision opportunities in the community, behavior in the prison during their jail time, and the convicts plans after being released (Abadinsky 1982). During this time, parole officers were introduced into the system. Their job was to monitor parolees once they are released from prison (Virginia General Assembly 1992).In 1910, inmates who were in any US prison authentic an automatic and equal chance to parole. No parole woul d be sentenced until the attorney general approves it. For prisoners who were sentenced to a life sentence would be able to go up for parole after 15 years. As a result of all of this, each prison had to hire a parole officer who would supervise the convict and help the parolees get a job. (Schuessler 1954 Dressler 1951 Abadinsky 1982)Within the time of being paroled, just like with probation, the parolee must abide by a set of rules (Schuessler 1954). The must meet with their parole officer at meetings established by the office. The must adhere to all other rules and regulations of being on parole. In the case of any new arrests, the parolee must report this to their parole officer (Schuessler 1954). If the parolee moves, they must make the parole officer aware. This also goes for any change in employment. During this time the officer cannot have any control substances in their possession nor be in the possession of a firearm (Schuessler 1954). Its also recommended that the parolee quit from associating with individuals that may cause them to reoffend or could possibly get them in trouble in any way (Schuessler 1954).The number of individuals on parole went from 679,421 in 1995 to 765,355 in 2004. Therefore, the Nations parole population grew about 2.7%. This is a huge difference compared to the small growth of probation. A total of about ten states had double-digit increases in their parole population and as few as nine states saw decreases in their parole population. (Glaze and Palla 2005 Burrell 2005)There are numerous problems with the parole system (Paparozzi and DeMichele 2008 DeMichele and Payne 2007). One being the count of caseload being given to parole officers (Schuessler 1954). The system seems to have a shortage of parole officers leading the ones that there are to have more cases, making it hard for them to keep control of what they have (Paparozzi and DeMichele 2008 DeMichele and Payne 2007). Another problem is the fact that if the individual is a reoffender, the chances of them reoffending is greater than those of a first-time offender (Schuessler 1954). This is true because the US has seen a senior high rate in recidivism over time. There is not very much that can be done due to the lack of personnel.Probation and Parole OfficersBasically, probation and parole officers serve the same duties. They are supposed to supervise and manage the offenders. This allows them to be case workers as well as law enforcers because they have to make sure the offenders dont break any laws. Some will argue that supervision is the most important aspect of the job. (DeMichele and Payne 2007)Probation and parole officer have several duties they must attend to. They conduct dwelling house visits, perform curfew checks and verify with the employer of the offender is actually employed. They also help the offender get into treatment facilities if they need it. Thats just a few of the duties that these officers accomplish. (Dressler 1951 Sch uessler 1954)In order to became a probation or parole officer you must go through specialized training at a Peace Officer Standards and Training facility. at once this training is completed, they become POST certified peace officers. These officers must take part in quarterly training classes in a variety of areas concerning their job. passing between probation and paroleMost people think that probation and parole are the same thing. The have the same goal as to rehabilitate offenders, but they play two different roles. Probation is basically an extension to the offenders sentence, while parole is a reward given to prisoners for good behavior (Dressler 1951). Parole lessens the amount of time the individuals serves in prison (Dressler 1951).Probation is a sentence handed directly to the offender from the judge, but a parole board is in charge of the decision to grant an offender with parole (Dressler 1951). When it comes to parole, the judge has no say, the decision is left up to t he parole board in the prison facility (Dressler 1951 Abadinsky 1982).Parolees are eligible for parole after they have served the minimum prison sentence that has been handed down to them (Abadinsky 1982). The board at this point determines whether or not the individual receives parole (Dressler 1951). As far as probation goes, this is based on the judges decision after determining the seriousness of the crime and whether or not the individual is likely to reoffend within the provisional period (Dressler 1951).Society on Probation and ParoleThose within the community have mixed reactions about these programs. Most feel as if it is a good thing to try and rehabilitate these offenders. However, they are unsure how they feel about this individuals having contact within the community. They feel as if these individuals have already offended, that there is not much to keep them from offending again.As far as offenders are concerned, those who serve jail time are able sort of network withi n the prison walls. They develop these relationships with other prisoners that lead them back where they began. These relationships allow them to establish other relationships out in the community with other criminals or deviant individuals. This is not the case all the time, but for a majority of the time, this is the case. Some members of society realize this and begin to worry what could come of these relationships and networks that have been made.When an offender is released back into society, they have to percolate how to control what happens as a result of being labeled. As an offender enters the prison system, they become labeled as an offender. This label then makes it hard for them to find employment, as well as make changes that lead and keep them on the right path.There are individuals who are willing to help these offenders, but most fear their past. This is when the help of the parole or probation officer comes into play. Its their job to help these individual get jobs or get into rehab or even continue with their education. more(prenominal) than likely, if an offender reoffends, its because they are unable to establish a place in society that keeps them busy. Idle hands are the devils workshop which means anyone who has free time to waste is more likely to offend than someone who is constantly doing something.ConclusionThe jobs of being a probation or parole officer is not easy. On a day to day basis they have to deal with keeping track and supervising individual, as well as possibly receiving more individuals. Their job is already hard enough with making sure their probationers and parolees are following the rules, but when you have multiple things tend to get tricky.These officers are underappreciated. They are also often taken advantage of. These people come into these positions to help people. Thats why they choose this career, to try and make a difference in ones life.These two programs are very useful within our correction system. They pr ovide for means of rehabilitation just as their founders wished they would. They also save tax payers a great deal of money. Prison overcrowding cause the tax payers of America to have to fork over more money to support the funding of prison and jail facilities. With probation and parole programs having been founded, we are able to save money and alleviate the crowding in these correctional facilities. Although they are not all fail proof, they do help.

The Discipline of Nursing Professional Boundaries

The Discipline of Nursing Professional BoundariesAs passe-partouts in health c atomic number 18, the reserves aim is to cast a sanative consanguinity with the patient role, where boundaries of the race are strictly safe and within the code of ethics. Such boundaries are called professional boundaries that are defined as the spaces between the fellates power and the clients vulnerability. Establishing these boundaries provide the harbour with authority to allow a confidential and professional therapeutic relationship with the patient (The study Council of State Boards of Nursing 2010, p. 25). To avoid breaches and infringement, these boundaries must be hold throughout clinical practices and placements.The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council, also known as ANMC, (cited in Kralik van Loon 2008, p. 76) define professional boundaries as the congeal of a relationship between a nurse and an individual or between a nurse and any significant other persons, which facilitates s afe and therapeutic practice and results in safe and effective care. In regards to nursing, the ANMC (cited in Levett-Jones Bourgeois, 2009, p. 103) advocates that professional boundaries are related to the responsibility, performance, morals and actions from the nurse and must be maintained when works with vulnerable individuals.To ensure a professional environment between the nurse and patient, a code of conduct, as well as a set of policies and ethics, are put in place. Daly, Speedy Jackson (2006, p. 131) states that nursing ethics can be defined broadly as the examination of all kinds of ethical (and bioethical) issues from the post of nursing theory and practice. The most important organizations in Australia that create policies for nurses and other health care professionals to abide by, are the Australian Nursing and Midwifery Council (ANMC), the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA). The policies, as spoke n by the ANMC, is generated and expected for nurses to uphold both within and outside of professional domains in order to ensure the good standing of the nursing profession (ANMC 2008, p.1). If the organizations code isnt followed, it will establish a breaching of boundaries and professional misconduct, which is defined as the unethical, unrighteous and improper actions outside of the nurses practice (ANMC 2008, p.2).The continuum of professional behaviors is an evaluation tool for nurses to assess the interaction between the client and the nurse. Seen in this continuum, the zone in the middle is called the zone of helpfulness where it verifies if the behavior towards the patient, demonstrated by the nurse, is safe and professional. Breaching of boundaries can be on either side of the zone of helpfulness where on the left snuff it side is under-involvement and towards the right hand side is over-involvement. Both ends of the continuum generally involve violating and breaching the borders of a therapeutic relationship and are harmful and damaging to both the nurse and the patient (Oregon Sate Board of Nursing 2010, p.12).Under-involvement is mostly seen when the patient is feeling neglected and isolated. Predominantly, when the nurse abandons the patient, there is a lack of care, which in turn, may be able to increase health risks for the patient. For example, ignoring the patient during two-hourly bed turns could safari bedsores on the patients body or paying no attention to the patients strict diet could cause food allergies. Disregarding the patient is detri psychogenic to their health and may also be damaging to the nurse (National Council of State Boards of Nursing 2010 p. 25).Boundary violations are on the over-involvement side of the continuum and are breaches that, at times, intend to harm the patient and sometimes occur when the nurses needs are met instead of the patients. An example of such violations can imply the nurse providing personal infor mation or feelings to the patient, accepting a gift from the patient or engaging in a sexual relationship with the patient. As health care providers, patients are more susceptible to boundary violations because of vulnerability, high dependency on the nurse and low stability on their mental and turned on(p) state (Nurse Together 2011).Vulnerable individuals are most important when working with professional boundaries. In the health care profession, vulnerable individuals are usually those that have an extended length of stay or treatment, but can also be those that are of old age, have a high dependency on the nurse, have past trauma or injuries, a high severity of illness and/or a low stability on their emotional and mental state. (Holden Schenthal 2007, p. 28)There are umteen different strategies for a nurse to utilize during clinical placements. The American Nurses Association (cited in Holden, KV Schenthal, SJ, 2007 p. 25) says that when acting within ones character referen ce as a professional, the nurse should recognize and maintain boundaries that establish appropriate limits to relationships. For vulnerable individuals, Nurse Together (2011) advocates that boundaries can be maintained by many tools such as using an approachable and professional tone and by having a clear bank note of the professional relationship and the role of the nurse and as the patient. The tone of the nurse can be interpreted in many different ways, thus has the ability to breach the professional boundary between the nurse and the patient. If the nurse is talking with an interested, over-friendly and flirtatious tone, it can be interpreted it as becoming over-involved with the patient as it is engaging in a sexual relationship with the patient. The nurse should always act in the best interest of the client and be cognizant of their feelings and behavior. Nurses should always be aware of the patient and their culture. For example, a patient with different beliefs may view an action in a different manner, which therefore has the ability to become a potential catalyst to an unprofessional relationship (Oregon State Board of Nursing 200 p.14). Therefore, to maintain professional boundaries with vulnerable individuals, nurses should keep within the zone of helpfulness by having a clear distinction that the relationship with the patient is kept professional and the nurse is the health care worker, not the patient.As a nurse, there are boundaries that must be conserve to have a professional therapeutic relationship with the vulnerable patient throughout clinical placements and/or clinical practices. Organizations such as ANMC and AHPRA generate policies to change the nurse to take care of a patient at an optimal level and not be over or under involved. If, however, there is a violation of these boundaries, it is considered as professional misconduct. Maintaining these boundaries is important for risk management, quality assurance, client satisfaction and age ncy resource utilization (Clark et. al, cited in Kralik van Loon 2007, p. 76).

Water Filtration And Purification And Its Effects Environmental Sciences Essay

Water Filtration And Purification And Its Effects Environmental Sciences EssayFiltering and purgatorial irrigate supply, before you drink it, has now become a crucial part of living in a rapidly growing, economically expanding world. In todays society water is reused over and over again. Not only to recycle but to produce enough to sustain people in their everyday lives. The process of filtration makes our water impudent by removing visible and non-visible particles. The process of purification makes the water safe(p) and cleanse to drink. Taking these processes seriously can keep you and the people around you safe and guiltless of harmful substances found in water.A ten step quality process of drooling spring water begins bySelecting a source and monitoring the water you chose (Arrowhead 7).Some drinking water such as Arrowhead source is a natural spring source (Arrowhead 7).The selection of springs is based on the natural composition, deprivation of bacteria, availabilit y, and taste (Arrowhead 7).Especially trained geologists and hydrologists monitor the springs on a regular schedule at the place of the source. (Arrowhead 7).Sourcing the water receiving and monitoring the source (Arrowhead 7).Receiving the source water can be as much of a challenge and discovering the source. By following simple steps the water we buy and drink gets to the site in order to begin the filtration process.Spring water is transported by food-grade pipelines, or often by clean stainless steel tanker trucks. Which eventually go this instant to the water filter plants (Arrowhead 7).Filters called ace-micron filters remove sand and/or other particles that are partially visible or present in the water(Arrowhead 7).The Storage of water (Arrowhead 7)This makeshift state of storing the water is done in food-grade storage tanks (Arrowhead8).The water in the tanks is tested (Arrowhead 8).Micro-Filtering the spring water (Arrowhead 8).Two-stage, micro-filters, filter the raw sp ring water hive away from the source (Arrowhead 8).These filters are created to filter go forth particles and tiny as 0.2 micron in diameter (Arrowhead 8).The Ultraviolent light and Ozone disinfection stage (Arrowhead 8).The Ultraviolent process removes non-visible bacteria (Arrowhead 8).The Micro-filtration is like a second step that adds to the removal of bacteria (Arrowhead 8).Another filtration system called the HydRO-7 process is used by Aquafina Inc. Unlike companies that use spring water Aquafina reuses public water. hither are the 7 simple steps enabling a public water source to be safe and clean to drink. tonicity One Removes particles with Pre-filtration. bill Two Seizes even smaller particles.Step Three Removes organic matter by UV.Step Four Removes solid minerals by victimisation reverse osmosis.Step Five Sets apart trace elements by using an Activated Carbon Filter.Step Six Makes the water very clear by using a Polishing Filter.Step Seven the final purification stage is done in an Ozonized Water Tank and the Ozone Generator.(I received all of the information in the away paragraph from (http//www.aquafina.com/) opposite water products similar to Arrowhead and Aquafina all have to follow the required statement under California law. These laws determine what waters are safe and what departments are allowed to develop and sell bottled water. Water in California is produced and used from sources such as lakes, rivers, streams, reservoirs, ponds, wells, and springs. Often water that has traveled through the earth picks up natural elements, and substances that are found due to human and animals natural activities such as pollution (Arrowhead 23).Benefits following the filtration and purification process done by companies such as Suburban Water Systems include the removal of dangerous elements such as Arsenic, Barium, Cadmium, Chromium, Fluoride, Lead, Mercury, Nitrates, and Radium. These elements are removed by an advance process of reverse osmosis. Other assets include improvement in taste, bathing water, laundry, dishwashing, cleansing water, and maintenance as well (www.subwater.com). Filtering and purifying your water is a basic survival skill too. One basic rule of wilderness survival is filter + purify = safe to drink. So if you are ever caught in a space of survival guess this rule. (Bryan 1)The Earth has a system that has been around since the beginning of time, we know it as the Water Cycle. All of the earths features (including us) depend on the Water Cycle. It explains why the earth never runs out of water and only changes state or form (Usborne 51). But society today has damaged this system by polluting the land, sea, and air. Causing much of the slender water to be used and polluted. We use so many chemicals and man-made systems to make the water safe to drink. It makes you wonder whether or not this water is rightfully safe to be used (Usborne 51).Different types of water found in the U.S. include Bottled wate r which refers to any type of water being contained in a sealed container primarily for domestic use by humans. Vended Water, meaning that it has not undergone the same advanced treatment as bottled water and is dispensed through a public water facility. Both are the two forms of clean water available in California. Each is protected under the CDPH or California surgical incision of Public Health (www.cdph.ca.gov).When survival skills are needed finding water can be a challenge. Dehydration is a common result of insufficiency of healthy water, leading most of the time to serious medical conditions. Make sure to note that if you are ever caught in a challenging situation in search of water that you check your source and make sure it is safe and clean to drink. Contaminated water is sometimes easily noticed if you date for obvious signs turbidity (cloudiness of water), pesticides, fertilizers (from agricultural land nearby), and a more noticed pest called Giardia Lambia. When lookin g for water along a trail or when bivouacking use your map. Most maps show any sources of water these maps are called Topo maps (Wilderness-suvival-skills.com).Water is a basic part of living. Making sure your water is clean is the showtime step in staying healthy. Since majority of our water is recycled we should make sure we know what types are best.Purifying water is just as necessary as filtering it, if not even more important. Purifying water is done in order to clean the water of non-visible elements. In doing this you make the water clear and able to be digested safely into our bodies. Purifying is done in water plants as mentioned before. But if you find yourself in a situation in need of water you must(prenominal) filter and purify it yourself. When or if this problem ever arises you must filter your water using available items and then boil the water. This makes the water somewhat clean and safe to drink.Thanks to advancements in our ways of cleaning our water, we now h ave clean safe water for our use at the turn of a nob. When using water we should make sure we use it wisely and are cautious to the harmful pollution in water outside. So when outdoors drink out of a water bottle and dont drink out of the stream But if found without a clean water at hand remember filter + purify=safe to drink

Exploring Arab Women :: Arab Culture Cultural Marriage Essays

Exploring Arab Women In Liyana Badrs novel, A Balcony over the Fakihani, the reader witnesses Yusras experience with water as she proclaims that, Ill shell stay till Ive shes fill up my her jerry can even if I she dies doing it (Badr, 10) While Maha the main female character in Fadia Faqirs Pillars of Salt, and her husband immersed our their bodies in the warm water, (Faqir, 54) of the Dead Sea as they share their number one love making experience. Yasmina teaches granddaughter Fatima of the liberating power of water in Fatima Mernissis lyrical coming of age account of harem life in Dreams of obtrude. While Asya, the primary female character in Ahdaf Soueifs In the Eye of the Sun, jet sets between the pools of the posh and exclusive Cairo country clubs and summer cruises in the Mediterranean. Yet, Leila Al-Atrashs female character Nadia only mentions water in passing as she showers to avoid the presence of her husband. While one woman is heroical for a drop of water and willing to risk her life to achieve it, others use it as a vehicle to outsmart a dominating first wife, while another fully engages with water in the convenience of her home. This variation in the Authors usage and need water reflects the greater diversity in the identity element of the Arab woman . In the five literary works Pillars of Salt by Fadia Faqir, A Woman of Five Seasons by Leila Al-Atrash, A Balcony Over the Fakihani by Liyana Badr, Dreams of Trespass by Fatima Mernissi, and In the Eye of the Sun by Ahdaf Soueif, water can mean different things to different people and these differing views of water reflect the diversity of class, social expectations, education and socio-economic status that exists in Arab women. Therefore, these authors are establishing a multi-faceted view of Arab women, and gainsay the reader to abolish their own social constructions and stereotypes about the Arab woman. In an effort to trick up and disaggregate the wealth of experience and knowledge relaye d through these novels this discourse ic compiled to consider the following what is the historical image and portrayal of Arab women? How do the images represented by these authors challenge this historical image? What are the implications of a singular image of Arab women? What lessons does one learn from the multi-dimensional view of Arab women in relation to Western feminism?

Great Gatsby Essay -- essays research papers

The novel The Great Gatsby is a story that takes place in the 1920s. The storytells about Nick Carraway sorrowful to New York and the actions that take placeduring his time in New York. The two master(prenominal) characters of the story are NickCarraway who moved to New York and the other main character is Jay Gatsbywho is Nicks new neboir and a in truth rich man who always has parties. The mainconflict in the story is Gatsbys long lost bang who is Nicks first cousin, Daisy, reuniteand her husband finds out about the affair .The story starts out with Nick moving to New York and then going todinner party at his Cousins he meets Jordan Baker who he begins a relationship with. At the dinner party they make planes to go to Toms, Nicks cousins husband, rundown apartment he uses for his affair. Myrtle the girl Tom is having a affair withtaunts him about his wife and Tom brakes her nose.As the summer continues Nick is invited to one of Gatsbys parties. Whenhe gets there he sees Jordan they talk and then meet Gatsby for the first time heis surprisingly young he talks to Jordan privately about Daisy Gatsby becomes inlove with Daisy again. He tells Nick to have a dinner party and invite him andDaisy but non tell Daisy about him being their. This works and Gatsby and Daisystart to see each other again. Tom figures out that his wife is cheating on himwith Gatsby. He is very mad even though he himself is involved in an affair. Tomconf...

Affirmative Action :: American Government, Race Relations, EEO

Affirmative human actionionIn the United States, Affirmative Action is one of the government programs to sweep over the effects of past societal discrimination by allocating jobs and resources to members of specific groups, such as minorities and women. The policy was put forth by federal agencies enforcing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and two executive orders, which provided that government contractors and educational institutions receiving federal funds develop such programs. The Equal Employment Opportunities Act (1972) set up a military mission to enforce such plans. The establishment of racial quotas in the name of affirmative action brought the charges of so-called reverse discrimination into the late 1970s. Although the U.S. Supreme tribunal recognised such an argument in the gaffe University of California v. Bakke (1978), it let existing programs stand and it also approved the use of quotas in 1979 in a case involving voluntary affirmative-action programs in unions and private businesses. In the 1980s, the federal governments role in affirmative action was considerably diluted. In three cases in 1989, the Supreme Court undercut court-approved affirmative action plans by giving greater standing to claims of reverse discrimination, voiding the use of minority set-asides where past discrimination against minority contractors was unproven, and confine the use of statistics to prove discrimination, since statistics did not prove intent. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 reaffirmed a federal governments commitment to affirmative action, but a 1995 Supreme Court close placed limits on the use of race in awarding government contracts the affected government programs were revamped in the late 1990s to encompass any person who was "socially disadvantaged.

Antonio Vivaldi :: essays research papers fc

Antonio Vivaldi was born on March 4th, 1678, in Venice, Italy, and died on July 28, 1741, in Vienna, Austria. His father, a barber and a talented violinist at Saint Marks Cathedral himself, had helped him in trying a career in music and made him enter the Cappella di San Marco orchestra, where he was an appreciated violinist. In 1703 Vivaldi became a priest and acquired the nickname "The Red Priest", since he had red hair. He had become a priest against his own ordain because it was the only possible way for his poor family to obtain free schooling. In 1704 he was pard matchlessd from celebrating the Holy Mass because of his ill health, and later became a violin instructor at an orphanage for girls called Ospedale della Piet in Venice. The orphans soon started to gain appreciation and esteem as Vivaldi wrote most of his concertos, cantate and sacred music for them. In 1705 the first collection of his plant was published. He was a prolific composer and is most well known f or composing over 500 concertos, 46 Operas, sinfonias, 73 sonatas, chamber music, and sacred music. His most far-famed work is said to be the quartette Seasons.Vivaldis music is particularly innovative as he gave brightness to the formal and the rhythmic structure of concertos. He repeatedly looked for harmonic contrasts, creating innovative melodies and themes. Vivaldi main goal was to create a musical piece meant to be appreciated by the wide public, and not only by an intellectual minority. The joyful appearance of his music reveals a transmittable joy of composing. These are among the causes of the vast popularity of his music. This popularity soon made him famous also in countries akin France, at the time very closed into its national schemes. He is considered one of the authors that brought Baroque music to evolve into an impressionist style.The Four Seasons composed by Vivaldi was one of the earliest examples of program music and was also the most famous of all his concerto s. Vivaldi wanted to depict the various seasons in the four concerti in Italian. When you listen to the Four Season, you feel as though he has created a whole another atmosphere with its own feelings. He seems to have used only the four major instruments that are usually present in an orchestra, which are the violin, viola, cello and bass, to depict this atmosphere effortlessly.