Epigenetic Mechanisms

Introduction Various scientific epidemiological studies have revealed that most adults are highly prone to diseases, and this exposure is basically associated with adverse environmental conditions including famine (Heijmans et al 17046). This precisely targets those individuals who are prenatally exposed to famine or hunger, which is considered to be one of the environmental co-factors which play a significant role in heredity (Heijmans et al 17046).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Epigenetic Mechanisms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The early developmental stages of an individual especially for the mammalian species, is the most vital and crucial period in which most establishment of the epigenetic mark occurs especially when exposed to harsh environmental conditions. This epigenetic mark can be transferred from parent to the offspring or in other words can be inherited. Mechanisms of epigenetic gene regulatio n Epigenetic inheritance can be defined as a scientific study of inheritable changes in gene expressions, which may occur due to changes occurring on the underlying DNA sequence and which may also occur due to other external mechanisms altering the gene expression (Ghose). Epigenetic inheritance again disqualifies the idea that inheritance only occur via the DNA contrary to genetic inheritance where it’s believed to be so (Ghose). This is because; it has been observed in many occasions that according to genetic inheritance, the parent passes genes to the offspring’s. But when it comes to epigenetic inheritance it is revealed that even the parents acquired life experience can be transferred to the offspring’s in form of epigenetic tags, which can further be passed on down to future generations (Ghose). The other difference between genetic inheritance and epigenetic inheritance is that, despite the fact that the DNA molecule is known to be very stable; it is rarel y subjected to modification contrary to the epigenetic tags which are weak and prone to many changes occurring over a given period of time once it’s subjected to any environmental influence (Ghose). This is the reason as to why twins have slight lifestyle variations though they are monozygotic (arise from one zygote) with identical epigenomes (Ghose). Even though the twins have identical epigenomes, several studies have revealed that these epigenetic tags eventually are considered to undergo changes over a period of time. The major forms of mechanisms that lead to epigenetic modification include DNA methylation and Histone deacetylation or modification (Heijmans et al 17048). Nevertheless, most phenotypic expression carried by offspring’s from the parent can be altered by any heritable gene transcription, which in most cases result to these epigenetic effects (Heijmans et al 17048). Moreover, Histone proteins which are referred to be tiny spherical granules on which th e DNA double helix strand wraps around, will automatically results to visual changes (at the phenotypic stages) in gene expression (Heijmans et al 17048).This is due to the slight changes of the DNA wrapping around the Histone.Advertising Looking for essay on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Based on this process â€Å"post translational modification of the long chains amino acids† (which are the building units for the Histone) will result in alteration of the shapes of the Histone sphere (Heijmans et al 17048). Furthermore, the DNA strand which may or may not be completely unwound during the normal stages of DNA replication will possibly result to the transfer of the modified Histone to each new copies of DNA produced during the cellular growth stages (Heijmans et al 17048). Furthermore, these new Histone once formed will act as templates initiating and reinforcing any new modifications to be copied to all diff erentiating cells which will remain in this new shape without reverting back (Heijmans et al 17048). Discussion One recent study which sought to investigate the environmental influence which can result in persistent changes of the epigenetic mark was done through a case study which based on individuals who were prenatally exposed to famine. During this period of famine, medical personnel present at that time had kept reliable records of all individuals who were prenatally exposed to hunger, so that they would make a follow up later during the study; in what would later become a cohort study Gestation exposure (Timing) A case study was conducted on sixty two individuals who had previously been exposed to famine during their gestation period, just to investigate and evaluate the influence of timing on DNA methylation; these people constituted the case group of the sample (Heijmans et al 17049). Furthermore, when determining whether IGF2 DMR methylation depended on timing, more studies were conducted on the periconceptional and late exposed groups who were analyzed together in a single model; the results confirmed that periconceptional exposure was basically associated with lower methylation, whereas the late exposure was not (Heijmans et al 17049). This was statistically and significant evidence which revealed presence of interaction between timing and environmental exposure (Heijmans et al 17049). Birth weight Moreover, the mean weight of sixty two individuals who were previously exposed to famine in their late gestation period was measured; it was again proved that the total mean which was calculated was 3126g; 296g lower than the mean of reference births recorded in 1943 in the very same institution which was 3422g (Heijmans et al 17047). This lower birth weights occurred as a result of famine during the previous hunger winter period, not withstanding the fundamental relationship between IGF2 DMR methylation (Heijmans et al 17047). Age association This experi ment was based on determining presence of any correlation between age and IGF2 DMR methylation; comparatively, the 122 control individual analysis revealed that age 10 was identified to be associated with 3.6% low methylation modifications across all the age group sampled. (Heijmans et al 17047).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Epigenetic Mechanisms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Periconceptional exposure of an individual especially to famine was deduced to be associated with variation in IGF2 DMR methylation, which eventually was observed in adulthood among the subjects; to confirm this laboratory analysis was done which validated the findings. The results confirmed that â€Å"all CpG sites except one was significantly less methylated among all quantified periconceptionally exposed individuals as compared to their offspring’s which was at 0.488† (Heijmans et al 17047); consequently, for those si blings not exposed it was observed to be at 0.515. Finally, basing on the results it was deduced that periconceptional exposure was associated with 5.2% lower methylation occurrence which was ultimately independent of sex (Heijmans et al 17047). Hypothesis testing and supportive evidence Basing on the argument, the data provided completely support the hypothesis; that environment strongly contributes to epigenetic inheritance, more supportive evidence is availed when a study on twins was conducted (Ghose). Twins who share identical genes, with similar methylation patterns which have been inherited from their parents, still ended up being so different (Ghose). Furthermore, in most cases; twins who emerged from same zygote (monozygotic twins) exhibited such scenarios where one could suffer from a disease like diabetes or cancer while the other remains perfectly healthy (Ghose). This is attributed to be the impacts of environmental influences, which eventually results in adaptation of different epigenetic variability; this epigenetic variation in terms of methylation pattern arises due to insignificant, â€Å"random changes in DNA methylation† which collectively accumulates after each cell division causing a major change (Ghose). The most current studies have revealed that these cases of associations between DNA methylation and that of periconceptional exposure during the early developmental stages are also common in modern societies probably because of the present lifestyles coupled with environmental factors. This evidently includes reported cases of over nutrition and assisted reproductive methods and technologies; all being measures which give rise to similar associations Conclusion Though various research studies have been done on the subject matter, there is no conclusive evidence to suggest whether this epigenetic inheritance is real or not; nevertheless most evidence indicate this epigenetic inheritance is possible.Advertising Looking for essay on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is because of the fact that these findings have further explained many strange patterns of inheritance, in which many geneticists have been puzzling on over decades to uncover. The twin evidence discussed in this paper is one such vital proof that shows how epigenetic and DNA methylation can occur catalyzed by environmental influence (Learn.genetics.com). Finally, one most important notation concerning epigenetic inheritance is that the most crucial stage in which the establishment of epigenetic marks can occur is during the early embryonic development stages of the organism. This was practically proved through an experiment carried out on mice, whereby when culturing the preimplantated mice embryo, it was revealed that the epigenetic marks were susceptible to environmental factors especially nutrition during their early days of development. Works Cited Ghose, T. An epigenetic inheritance, 2009. Web. Heijmans, T., Tobi, W., Stein, D., Putter, H., Blauw, G., Susser, S., Slagboom , E. Lumey, H. â€Å"Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure To famine in humans.† Newyork state psychiatric institute, 105 (2008): 44. Print. Learn.genetics.com. Epigenetics and Inheritance, 2011. Web.  Retrieved from https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/inheritance/ This essay on Epigenetic Mechanisms was written and submitted by user Maksim Downs to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Investigating the Effect of Lipase Concentration on the Breakdown of F

Investigating the Effect of Lipase Concentration on the Breakdown of F Investigating the Effect of Lipase Concentration on the Breakdown of Fat in Milk INTRODUCTION: Enzymes are proteins which can catalyse chemical reactions without changing themselves. The enzyme lipase breaks down the fat in dairy products such as full-cream milk for people who are lactose intolerant. Lipase acts on its specific substrate, lipids produces fatty acids. If enzyme concentration increases, random collisions between the substrates and active sites of enzyme increase due to the increasing amount of active sites which allow more collisions to happen, so the rate of breakdown of lipids to simpler substances will increase. During the experiment, sodium carbonate solution and pH indicator phenolphthalein will be added ahead of lipase enzyme; when the pH is below 8.2, phenolphthalein will turn from pink to colourless. Sodium carbonate solution is added in order to turn the solution alkaline and the indicator pink then back to colourless after lipase is added to catalyse the chemical reaction and speed up the breakdown of lipids into fatty acid in the milk. Fatty acid prod uced then is going to neutralise the solution with sodium carbonate solution added previously; phenolphthalein will finally turn from pink back to colourless. AIM: In this experiment I will investigate the effect of increasing enzyme concentration on the activity of the enzyme lipase that will be allowed to act on the same amount of milk and the time taken for the phenolphthalein to turn from pink to white compared. HYPOPTHESIS: With higher lipase concentrations, there will be more active sites in the solution to be fit in by the substrates, which means more collisions between the active sites and the substrates and quicker breakdown of lipids in the milk within shorter period of time. At enzyme concentration of 1% or 2%, reactions can happen at a relatively slower pace, with lipids broken down and phenolphthalein turning from pink to white over a relatively longer time period. At 3%, enzyme activity will speed up with lipids broken down and phenolphthalein turning from pink to white over a relatively shorter time period. At 4% or 5%, enzyme activity will happen significantly faster. APPARATUS: 1. Lipase solution at concentration 5% 2. 1 test tube 3. 5 dropping pipettes 4. full-fat milk 5. 4 measuring cylinders of 10ml (0.5ml) 6. 1 stopwatch (1s) 7. 1 stirrer 8. phenolphthalein 9. sodium carbonate solution at 0.5 mol dm3 10. Marker pen 11. distilled water 12. 4 beakers of 200ml (5ml) VARIABLES: Independent Variables: 1. Enzyme concentration- effectiveness of enzyme concentration will be tested at 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%. Enzyme lipase at the concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% will be made by mixing lipase at 5% and distilled water; all these solutions will be contained in different beakers to keep them pure. In order to make 1% lipase, for each 1ml lipase, 4ml distilled water will be added and poured into a beaker; to make 2% lipase, for each 1ml lipase, 3ml distilled water will be added; to make 3% lipase, for each 1ml lipase, 2ml distilled water will be added; in order to make 4% lipase, for each 1ml lipase, 1ml distilled water will be added. Controlled Variables: 1. Volume of the milk used for every test will be kept constantly at 5ml; substrate concentration will be kept the same since full-cream milk will be used. Different volumes of milk will allow different amount of substrates to be contained in the milk. Therefore, more substrates contained in the milk will take it more time for the enzyme to break all the fats while the amounts of lipase and sodium carbonate solution stay the same. 2. pH of the substrate the identical amount of 7ml sodium carbonate solution, which is alkaline, will be added in the test tube; if not, more or less fatty acids will be produced and needed to neutralise the solution and for the phenolphthalein to turn from pink to colourless. 3. Volume of lipase solution 3ml lipase will be added to for each test. By keeping this the same, the amount of active sites of enzyme will be equal in all the cases, therefore allowing results to be fair. If more were placed in one of the test tubes, then the rate of activity of the enzyme at different concentrations will be wrongly judged, leading to incorrect conclusion. 4. Temperature

Case study and phenomenal study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case study and phenomenal study - Essay Example 2). The difference between the two may appear in terms of their applicability. Case study is largely generic in its usage and understanding, the phenomenological study in contrast largely pertains to the cognitive understanding of the human mind, ability and power to reason. Case study would be more important when the previously undertaken models, patterns and policies are addressed and undertaken for purpose of study. The phenomenological study in contrast may be directed towards the educational sector when the role of single unit or single individual is under scrutiny. The kind of research question undertaken and asked for is directly reflective of the nature of research undertaken. If a given question is about a whole scenario and its overall outcome, it can be attributed to the study and assessment in terms of the case study. In case a particular domain has been subjected to determining its influence or finding the potential alternatives, then it would be considered for a different version of research (Schalk, 2009, p

Legislative and Ethical Issues COPYRIGHT PROTECTION IN THE DIGITAL PowerPoint Presentation

Legislative and Ethical Issues COPYRIGHT PROTECTION IN THE DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT - PowerPoint Presentation Example This type of convergence leads to innovation and tight competition that is beneficial to everyone. However, some rules require review in order to cater for the new technological developments and policies (Ogawa 2006). New growth types will be generated by a digital market that is genuine and benefits will be registered at all European Union sectors of economic (Mazziotti 2008). The e-commerce growth rate is skyrocketing nationally but it is still marginalised in the retail trade of Europe and this hinders online services development (Solovay & Reed 2003). The deficiency of knowledge about the applicable rules, rights conferred and opportunities offered by digital economy enhances their reluctance (Blythe 2011). The difficulties associated with transactions across the border such as deliveries, dispute resolutions and payments discourage business people from accepting the internet advantages to purchase or distribute their services and goods (Ogawa 2006). Digital single market therefore has a long way to go before achieving its complete potential. Objectives that are geared towards growth potential of online services and commerce must be set up (Solovay & Reed 2003). Their boosting at the European level needs action that is concerted and firm as stipulated in the Digital Agenda for Europe (Tian 2008). This commission is dedicated to working along with stakeholders in order to achieve the set objectives. Most of the initiatives outlined in this commission have been adopted (Perritt 2001). Peer-to-peer networking is making use of computers that are relatively powerful, are personal and their computing tasks are beyond those of the client (Campbell & Woodley 2002). The current personal computer has a large memory, very fast processor and a large hard disk, not all of which are used when browsing or e-mailing (Ogawa 2006). This computer acts as a server and a client (a peer) for several applications. The features of

Effect of Positive and Negitive Thinking Essay Example for Free

Effect of Positive and Negitive Thinking Essay When life gives you lemons, make grape juice, and leave the world wondering how you did it. The effects of both positive and negative thinking affects the world in the same sense, to have been given the different options to see the world and deciding which path to take. With each decision and action is the same as Newton’s law of gravity what goes up must come down, it’s a natural accordance that will continue on in the never ending circle of life. The processes of these thoughts pass from person to person, place to place, and with every situation it changes and grows with life. Throughout life someone somewhere has heard, be it through friends or family, things such as If you think bad thoughts, then youll jinx it or If you think the worst, the worst will happen. Sadly now the world is slowly becoming consumed by more negativity then ever before, making these more then just little wives’ tales and they all start in the mind. When people are negative, either to ones’ self or others, it expands and jumps out. Think of a school environment, on a day-to-day basis, all those people are moving together, all those different personalities are clicking or crashing with one another, and all range of emotions are swirling around, one individual in the group could be having a bad day for a number of reasons, they might unintentionally do or say something that could in turn ruin another individual’s day. In some cases permitting for so many of the negative thoughts that come and go over time can turn from exciting just mentally in the mind, outward to the physical being itself. People who worry or overstress about all the little things that can go wrong or might happen, these are the â€Å"what if† thinkers, have been known to unwillingly force the body to become sick, in order to slow down the thoughts; that is a form of negative thinking attacking the body. In Greek mythology Pandora’s Box was said to have contained all the horrible and negative things of man, Envy, Crime, Hate, and Disease. When Pandora opened the box all of it escaped but the last thing to leave was Hope, the one thing that was meant to go against the darkness, negativity, the hatred of the humans’ lives. There have been quite a number of cases over the years that have reporting’s of people fighting diseases, such as cancer or childhood leukemia, where there have been quotes saying that staying positive and not letting this dieses get them down has helped, along with treatment, to rid the body of the nasty infection causing the unwanted pain and trouble. It can be a challenging and often long battle that tests the person’s ability and desire to live in a way that others will never feel. Those with a positive outlook that have the strength to fight all that comes at them with a smile, strong will, telling them selves â€Å"I can beat this.† have a higher chance of beating the bad blood that runs through the veins and can stay in remission for many years to follow. There have been quite a few cases that the upkeep of positive thinking in one’s daily life as lead to less depression, more immunity toward the common cold, as shown in tests involving students rec eiving an injection that made skin bumps appear and become enlarged or smaller depending upon their level of germ immunity. Highly optimistic students experienced higher immunity levels, and less chance of a cardiovascular disease. Religions use this power of thinking to touch people and to bring, what some call, a light into their worlds. Each person perceives it in a way specific to the individual often calling it what may best befit with their life. The major religion that focuses on the mind set with positive negative comparison is considered the most taboo, Wiccan and Paganism. A law of Wiccans’ is send the positive energy step taken and breath inhaled, which means send the good engery, karma, whatever name chosen, to the children of the world, to other adults, to the families you know and strangers not yet met. It is believed that by doing this the positive energy that gets sent out can come right back ten fold, most call this way of thinking Karma. Christians call it the light of God, a warm sensation that engulfs the body and fills it with joy and most pass the feeling on with the word of God. For every positive there is a negative in the world, just like from the Disney movie Merlin â€Å"for every up there is a down, for every flat there is a round.† it is a never ending cycle that will repeat even once the human race evolves beyond life now. Some people have been known to refer to these as storm clouds, which does fit because of the fact that they bring darkness and destruction when they come, but what they leave behind is not always seen so quickly, like the new life the rain brings, a fire from lightning is natures way of removing the dry and dead plant life and provides space for the new life to come through with more room to grow and expand. It is all a circle and without the negative there is no positive. The human race all around the world is controlled, both knowingly and unknowingly to the individuals of earth, by their mental state of mind, because in the end that’s all it is. The power of the mind has been traced through centuries of cultures and religious views, from the Far East to the New West. Daisaku Ikeda president of the worlds largest Buddhist community, once said â€Å"As soon as you think you cant possibly succeed, every cell in your being will be deflated and give up the fight [and] everything really will move in the direction of failure. Cultures use the power of the mind to breathe life, to live life to the fullest humans can. The processes of these thoughts pass from person to person, place to place, and with every situation it changes and grows with life. Citations Positive Thinking Principles http://www.positive-thinking-principles.com/effects-of-positive-thinking.html Health Effects of Positive Thinking http://www.livestrong.com/article/137643-health-effects-positive-thinking/ Effects of Positive Thinking http://www.the-benefits-of-positive-thinking.com/effects-of-positive-thinking.html Phycology Today http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-source-healing/201202/the-long-lasting-effects-negative-information Welcome to WritePoint, the automated review system that recognizes errors most commonly made by university students in academic essays. The system embeds comments into your paper and suggests possible changes in grammar and style. Please evaluate each comment carefully to ensure that the suggested change is appropriate for your paper, but remember that your instructors preferences for style and format prevail. You will also need to review your own citations and references since WritePoint capability in this area is limited. Thank you for using WritePoint. When life gives you lemons Adora Pallisco February 2, 2013 Com/155 Compare Contrast Essay When life gives you lemons, make grape juice, and leave the world wondering how you did it. The effects of both positive and negative thinking affects the world in the same sense, to have been given the different options to see the world and deciding which path to take. With each decision and action is the same as Newton’s law of gravity what goes up must come down, it’s a natural accordance that will continue on in the never ending circle of life. The processes of these thoughts pass from person to person, place to place, and with every situation it changes and grows with life. Throughout life someone somewhere has heard, be it through friends or family, things such as If you think bad thoughts, then youll jinx it or If you think the worst, the worst will happen. Sadly now the world is slowly becoming consumed by more negativity then ever before, making these more then just little wives’ tales and they all start in the mind. When people are negative, either to ones’ self or others, it expands and jumps out. Think of a school environment, on a day-to-day basis, all those people are moving together, all those different personalities are clicking or crashing with one another, and all range of emotions are swirling around, one individual in the group could be having a bad day for a number of reasons, they might unintentionally do or say something that could in turn ruin another individual’s day. In some cases permitting for so many of the negative thoughts that come and go over time can turn from exciting just mentally in the mind, outward to the physical being [Doctoral rule (but good advice for any academic writer)If not a noun (as in human being), the word Being is hard to imagine; it means existing. Try to rewrite this without using beingwith action words like attending, working, living, experiencing, simply asor even removing being completely] itself. People who worry or overstress about all the little things that can go wrong or might happen, these are the â€Å"what if† thinkers, have been known to unwillingly force the body to become sick, in order to slow down the thoughts; that is a form of negative thinking attacking the body. In Greek mythology Pandora’s Box was said to have contained all the horrible and negative things of man, Envy, Crime, Hate, and Disease. When Pandora opened the box all of it escaped but the last thing to leave was Hope, the one thing that was meant to go against the darkness, negativity, the hatred of the humans’ lives. There have been quite a number of cases over the years that have reporting’s of people fighting diseases, such as cancer or childhood leukemia, where there have been quotes saying that staying positive and not letting this dieses get them down has helped, along with treatment, to rid the body of the nasty infection causing the unwanted pain and trouble. It can be a challenging and often long battle that tests the person’s ability and desire to live in a way that others will never feel. Those with a positive outlook that have the strength to fight all that comes at them with a smile, strong will, telling them selves â€Å"I can beat this.† have a higher chance of beating the bad blood that runs through the veins and can stay in remission for many years to follow. There have been quite a few cases that the upkeep of positive thinking in one’s daily life as lead to less depression, more immunity toward the common cold, as shown in tests involving students receiving an injection that made skin bumps appear and become enlarged or smaller depending upon their level of germ immunity. Highly optimistic students experienced higher immunity levels, and less chance of a cardiovascular disease. Religions use this power of thinking to touch people and to bring, what some call, a light into their worlds. Each person perceives it in a way specific to the individual often calling it what may best befit with their life. The major religion that focuses on the mind set with positive negative comparison is considered the most taboo, Wiccan and Paganism. A law of Wiccans’ is send the positive energy step taken and breath inhaled, which means send the good engery, karma, whatever name chosen, to the children of the world, to other adults, to the families you know and strangers not yet met. It is believed that by doing this the positive energy that gets sent out can come right back ten fold, most call this way of thinking Karma. Christians call it the light of God, a warm sensation that engulfs the body and fills it with joy and most pass the feeling on with the word of God. For every positive there is a negative in the world, just like from the Disney movie Merlin â€Å"for every up there is a down, for every flat there is a round.† it is a never ending cycle that will repeat even once the human race evolves beyond life now. Some people have been known to refer to these as storm clouds, which does fit because of the fact that they bring darkness and destruction when they come, but what they leave behind is not always seen so quickly, like the new life the rain brings, a fire from lightning is natures way of removing the dry and dead plant life and provides space for the new life to come through with more room to grow and expand. It is all a circle and without the negative there is no positive. The human race all around the world is controlled, both knowingly and unknowingly to the individuals of earth, by their mental state of mind, because in the end that’s all it is. The power of the mind has been traced through centuries of cultures and religious views, from the Far East to the New West. Daisaku Ikeda president of the worlds largest Buddhist community, once said â€Å"As soon as you think you cant possibly succeed, every cell in your being will be deflated and give up the fight [and] everything really will move in the direction of failure. Cultures use the power of the mind to breathe life, to live life to the fullest humans can. The processes of these thoughts pass from person to person, place to place, and with every situation it changes and grows with life.

Dionysus :: Ancient Rome Roman History

Dionysus Dionysus, also known by his Roman name Bacchus, which he appears to have two different origins. Dionysus was the god of wine, agriculture and fertility of nature, but on the other hand he also represents the mystery in religions. Scholars believe that this god came about later in pre-history, unlike other gods. Almost all barbarian nations had their own versions of Dionysus under many names such as, Bacchus, Zagreus, Sabazius, Adonis, Antheus, Zalmoxis, Pentheus, Pan, Liber Pater, or simply "the liberator." His symbol was the thyrsus, (which is a staff tipped with a pinecone, sometimes with ivy leaves) Dionysus was born of fire, he was good and gentle to those who honored him, but he also brought madness and destruction to those who ignored him or the rituals of his cult. "One day, Zeus was traveling on Earth. He wore a disguise; because undisguised no mortal could look at him and live. He came to Thebes, and Ancient City of Greece where he fell in love with Semele, the daughter of King Cadmus. Their love was immense, and before they knew she became pregnant. Semele wanted nothing else but to look into the eyes of her true love. Her nurse, who happened to be the disloyal Hera in disguise, influenced her cruelly. Semele could not stand it any longer and finally, she asked Zeus to give her a good fortune. He was deeply in love with the young women and did anything she pleased. He swore an unbreakable promise on the river Styx that she could have anything she wished for. Meaning no harm, Semele asked to see the god of thunderbolt, Zeus was frightened. He knew that this would mean her guaranteed death. "NO" he cried in torment. "Anything but that. You do not know what you're asking for." She insisted and Zeus miserably kept his word and granted her wish. As he reveled his burning appearance, the unlucky Semele was almost completely destroyed by the fire, except her womb, which she had wrapped with some ivy. Zeus was angry, he quickly took the fetus from the womb, cut open his own thigh, and put the child into it. The child continued to grow in Zeus's thigh, when development in the womb was complete, Zeus gave birth to the baby, Dionysus. The child of fire had been born with a brand new force to be discovered.

Individual Organizational Structure Paper

Individual Organizational Structure Paper MGT/230 July 23, 2012 Todd Lambertson Individual Organizational Structure Paper Facebook is a social-networking site that has a strong organization structure that is appropriate for their particular product; social media. Facebook seems like a simple site that does not require a structure to operate. Twitter works in the same way but is only set up for chatting through posts, or as it is called tweets. Tweets are text-based quotes of up to 140 characters and are posted on the user’s profile page (Shetty, 2010). Users can also send pictures and videos through Twitpics and other sources (O'leary, 2011).Millions of people use Facebook and organizations use them to advertise and to promote their services. Facebook is set up where users have friends who can see each other user’s posts. They also can tag pictures, providing information on who is in a particular picture (O'leary, 2011). Facebook launched in 2004, and is now the most po pular social-networking site. This strong organization structure has allowed Facebook to grow and continue to be strong in a competitive marketplace where the product is your personal life. Facebook has developed their organizational structure to become one of the most used social-networking sites in the world.This spot was previously held by MySpace. MySpace was used by individuals to chat with each other, create music playlists, and to post pictures and other personal information. Businesses never adapted to MySpace like they have with Facebook. Companies have found that it is more worthwhile to advertise with Facebook. Facebook realized that to stay in business and be profitable it would need high traffic on the site and many top advertisers. Once businesses could take advantage of this new web tool, they learned quickly how helpful it was to them. Users can befriend or follow organizations that they are interested in.The organizations can use this platform to promote a product, service, or even a cause. It is simple, easy to use, and effective. Facebook has developed games and applications to entertain a person while they are online. While a person is logged into Facebook a user can change their status, check on a friend’s status, post pictures or even post on their friend’s wall. Facebook is the most popular social-networking site that has developed a business structure that supports their organization. Facebook has many organizational functions that support the different responsibilities from within the organization.Facebook is set up for huge amounts of marketing through the use of advertising, and Twitter allows individual organizations to post tweets to keep followers interested in them. Through games, Facebook makes money by asking users to pay for different parts of the game. Anyone who has played Farmville or other games similar to it will say that these games are addicting. When playing these games users can purchase items in the mar ketplace with coins that they receive from playing that game whether it is from planting crops, harvesting them, crafting items, or harvesting their animals that they have placed on their farms.There are also items in the marketplace that takes cash to buy. In Farmville it is called farm cash, and in order to get farm cash the person has to either buy a card from a department store like Wal-Mart or Target, or they can charge the fees to their credit cards. The amount of farm cash you can buy is low as $10 and a high of $100. The $10 dollars buys that person $55 farm cash, and the $100 dollars buys $250 farm cash. Facebook has many ways to make money and maintain their financial stability; they can constantly try many different things.Because Facebook has a huge amount of daily traffic, organizations are willing to pay to advertise with them. Facebook uses a horizontal and functional organization. They are set up in a way that an employee on the organization chart has a particular se t of responsibilities and skills. These responsibilities and skills are unique to a specific task; they are specialized. A functional organization has specialized departments, and they are grouped according to their business functions or particular skills that each function requires (Bateman & Snell, 2011).Facebook is a strong organization, and it will remain that way for years to come. Companies and organizations from all over the world will continue to use them to promote their ideas, products, or anything else that they want to make known. Dell and Best Buy are focusing their primary efforts on the marketing and their service through social media (O'leary, 2011). There is an easy way to follow charts between each operation. This allows for less confusion and clear channels of authority. Without this, failure is inevitable. While one department is responsible for monitoring he IT (information technology), and another department is responsible for the web content. The same goes for marketing, human resources, and other similar aspects of the business. Every department is specialized and functions effectively this way. Without the proper structure, information can get confused and the responsibilities get unclear. This will create total chaos and in the end will cause the website to fail or collapse. For a business to be successful, it has to have an effective organizational structure. A basic organization structure gives any business direction which that allows it to function at its fullest potential.One of the first steps in starting up a business is to create a basic organization structure and to have it show all the departments, what their functions are, and who will be running it (Shetty, 2010). A functional organization is the proper structure for Facebook because of the different type of business they are. If responsibilities in the departments were not properly defined or organized, it can cause them to be less functional and less effective at social-n etworking. Social-networking sites are here to stay and Facebook is leading the way. They have learned from other social-networking sites like MySpace.That is what it takes to create huge traffic and attract many and different advertisers. By creating an effective organizational structure, they can remain successful and have little or limited internal issues. References Bateman, T. S. , ; Snell, S. A. (2011). Management: Leading ; collaborating in a competitive world (9th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. O’Leary, D. E. (2011). The use of social media in the supply chain: survey and extensions. , 18(2/3), p121-144. Shetty, N. (2010). Organizational structures. Retrieved from http://www. managementparadise. com/forums/human-resources-management-h-r/215152-organizational-structure. html